DIVISIONS AND EXTENT OF THE UPPER PROVINCE:

Canada West commences about twenty miles above the confluence of the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa Rivers; and the settled portion extends towards the west and south-west as far as Lake Huron, the River St. Clair, Lake St. Clair, and the Detroit River; and on the south it is bounded by the River St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, the Niagara River, and Lake Erie.. From the dividing line between Upper and Lower Canada to the Detroit River, the distance is about 500 miles in a straight line.

Canada is generally described as a flat country; but it is only called so by those who have travelled over very little of it. Most persons who have written descriptions of the country have only travelled along the regular stage roads (which are always carried over as much level ground as possible), and have seen very little of the interior of the country. The surface of the greater portion of the Upper Province is rolling; and there are many portions that are very hilly. A range of hills or ridges, that may almost be termed mountains, runs through the townships of Albion and Caledon, and on to Lake Huron, terminating in the Blue Mountains on the Georgian Bay: one of these mountains is said to be about 2000 feet above the level of the lake. By looking at the map of the country, and noticing the sources and the courses of the streams, it is easy to form a tolerably correct judgment of the relative height of the land. Thus it will be seen that the ridge of land running through the townships north of Toronto must be considerably above Lake Ontario; as the rivers taking their rise in it, and which flow into Lake Simcoe, after passing down the falls of the Severn, through the Georgian Bay and Lake Huron, the rapids of the River St. Clair, Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie, the rapids and the Falls of the Niagara River, enter Lake Ontario; and, after performing a circuit of nearly 800 miles, pass down within from twenty to thirty miles of their source.

The following is the quantity of land surveyed in Upper Canada, and the manner in which it has been disposed of; together with the estimated quantity still remaining unsurveyed:

		Acres.
There were originally surveyed in Upper Canada, including     the surrenders by Indian tribes		18,153,219
Which has been appropriated and disposed of as follows:
For support of Protestant Clergy		2,407,687
For Education -- King's College, Toronto		225,944
"	Upper Canada College.	63,642
"	Grammar Schools	258,330
To the Canada Company.		2,484,413
U. E. Loyalists, and for various claims		10,404,663
Indian Reservations not disposed of		808,540
Land remaining on hand		1,500,000
Unsurveyed Lands in Upper Canada		13,592,320

Of the unsurveyed land 9,119,260 acres are supposed to be of a sufficiently good quality for cultivation; and 4,472,960 acres bad land, unfit for cultivation.

Canada West is divided into twenty districts, which are again subdivided into counties, ridings and townships. The districts vary in size, as do also the townships; the Western District containing twenty-nine townships, and the Prince Edward District only six. As the large districts become settled up, and contain a sufficient population to form two districts out of one, they are generally divided; thus the Colborne District was formed from the Newcastle, the Simcoe from the Home, and the Huron from the London. Some townships contain as many as 90,000 acres, and others not more than 20,000. Most of the townships are laid out in square blocks, but some of them are divided in a manner that defies description -- leading one to form the conclusion that the original surveyors seldom commenced their work until after dinner. The townships are divided into concessions, which are generally supposed to run north and south, or east and west; but these vary very much according to circumstances. When a river runs through or bounds a township, the front lots are always laid out to face the river, no matter in what direction its course may lie. The concessions are again subdivided into lots of 200 acres each, and half lots of 100 acres.

About half the surveyed lands of Upper Canada has been purchased from the Indian tribes since the year 1818; the dates and quantities of which, together with the remuneration received by the Indians for them, are shown in the annexed statement.

Writers on Canada and the United States, who take a very superficial view of the subject, are apt to institute a very unfair comparison between the two countries, and always draw a conclusion unfavourable to Canada. In the United States every thing is said to be bustle and activity, progress and improvement; whilst the contrary is said to be the case in Canada. If this were really so, no one need be surprised when he takes into consideration the immense sums that have been borrowed from England, for the purpose of constructing the public works in the United States; which works may be said to have cost them nothing, as but little of the principal, and not much more of the interest has been paid. If we could get the cash on as easy terms in Canada, we should have no difficulty in "going a-head" quite as fast. But has Canada really been standing still all these years, while the States have been making such progress? Let us look at the facts and see. Within the last twenty-five years the Rideau Canal, the Welland Canal, and the St. Lawrence Canals, some of the most magnificent and important undertakings in the world, have been commenced and completed. In the year 1799, the Home District only contained 224 inhabitants; and in 1845, the City of Toronto alone contained 19,756. Twenty years ago, Hamilton, London, Bytown, and Cobourg, scarcely had an existence; now they are flourishing towns, containing handsome houses and public buildings; and their outskirts are studded with elegant villas. About forty years since, the first settlers entered the Gore and Wellington Districts (then united in one), at that time a mere wilderness; now they contain some of the finest farms in the Province. Forty years ago there was a post established from Niagara to Amherstburg once in six months, which was carried by a man on foot; after a time this was increased to four times a year; then once a-month, afterwards every week; till at length letters reach Amherstburg every day, with the exception of Wednesday; which omission is caused by the post not leaving Toronto on Sunday. In the year 1796, Toronto is described by the Duc de Rochefoucauld as being a mere swamp, containing only a fort and twelve log huts, and without a single settlement within a hundred miles of it; now the three great thoroughfares -- the western, the northern, and the Kingston roads -- are each planked or macadamised for about twenty miles; and for the same distance nearly every lot fronting on the roads is taken up, settled, and under cultivation. Three years ago. the voyage from Montreal to Kingston, by the Rideau Canal, occupied five or six days; now, by the St. Lawrence, the journey may be performed in twenty-eight hours, and from Kingston to Montreal in twenty-four hours.

As a proof that improvements have not been going on so very slowly, the following sums have been expended on the public works at present in progress, or lately finished, up to the first of January, 1846:

Welland Canal........................... £551,646 17  4
Cornwall Canal .........................   71,724  1  2
Williamsburgh Canals....................  156,347 13 10
Burlington Bay Canal....................   46,650  4  8
Hamilton and Dover Road ................   40,164  9  4
Newcastle District, &c. ................    8,303  7  0
Crooks' Rapids..........................   10,004 16  6
Heeley's Falls .........................    9,113 17  7
Middle Falls............................    4,851 10  8
Ranney Falls ...........................   10,749  9  5
Harris' Rapids .........................    1,647  3  3
Rice Lake Road .........................    7,206 19  2
Seymour Bridge .........................      613  2  5
Buckhorn Bridge.........................      453 14  1
Whitla's Rapids ........................    6,310  0  5
Chisholm's Rapids ......................    7,728  2  6
Scugog Rapids...........................    6,706 17  9
Fiddler's Island........................      220 15  0
River Trent ............................      338 14  0
Windsor Harbour.........................   24,242 18  1
Dover Harbour...........................    7,136 17  1
Long Point Lights ......................    2,899  8  2
Windsor and Scugog Road.................    8,624 16 10
Port Stanley Harbour ...................   16,423  6  3
Rond 'Eau Harbour.......................    6,971  1  1
Ottawa Improvements.....................   45,906 15  9
Main North Toronto Road.................    8,147  9  7
Brantford Road..........................   49,501  6  3
Chatham, Sandwich, &c., Road ...........   41,968  7  2
Owen's Sound Road.......................      220  0  2
Scugog and Narrows' Road................       54 10  2
Surveys, Canada West....................      379  0  8
Amherstburg and Sandwich Road...........      559 19 10
Cornwall and L'Orignal Road ............       28  0  0
Toronto Custom House ...................    1,102  3 10
Kennebec Road...........................      211  4  8
Grand River Swamp Road .................    2,295 11  0
Rouge Hill Road and Bridge .............      992  2  9
L'Orignal and Bytown Road ..............      160  8  8
Belleville Bridge ......................      564  7 11

Besides large sums expended on the works in Lower Canada.

Canada is also said to be a poor country: no one could travel over it and long retain that impression. The beauty and substantial nature of the public buildings -- the handsome banks, stores, and elegant mansions -- the beauty and superior excellence of the steamboats -- the mills and rapidly increasing manufactories -- the extensive and well cultivated farms, are all sufficient evidences of her wealth. In 1844 there were in the Upper Province 2,017,115 acres of land under cultivation; 175,604 milch cows; 139,584 oxen and other horned cattle over two years old; and the ratable property in the province amounted to £7,390,345. But these, it should be remembered, were only the numbers and amount returned to the assessors; and, as few persons ever return anything like the whole amount of their property, at least five-and-twenty per cent. may fairly be added to this amount; and the only articles of property assessed consist of land cultivated and uncultivated, houses, water grist and saw mills (steam mills are not assessed), merchants' shops, store-houses, horses, milch-cows, cattle over two years old, distilleries, and pleasure waggons; so that there is a vast amount of property of which no account whatever is taken. Land under cultivation is rated at £1, and uncultivated land at 4s. currency per acre, which is much under its real value, as many farms in the province could not be purchased at £10 or £12 per acre; and in some situations from $10 to $15 per acre is asked for wild land.

With regard to the population it is difficult to arrive at a true statement; with the exception of two or three districts, no census has been taken since that of 1842, which in many districts was taken in so careless a manner that but little dependence was to be placed upon it. However, the fault rested more with those who planned than with those who had to carry out the task. Enormous sheets of paper containing 121 columns were given out to be filled up, some items of which, in the first place, were very inquisitorial, and many of the people were not inclined to give the information required; many of them also believing that the object in collecting the returns was for the purpose of imposing additional taxes upon them, wilfully made false statements; and, in the second place, from the nature and size of the sheet to be filled up, no man of common intelligence could be supposed to avoid occasionally inserting an item in a wrong column.

To give anything like a correct account of the quantity of produce of various kinds -- wheat, flour, pork, beef, &c. -- raised and exported, would be under the present order of things absolutely impossible, as no entry is made of articles exported. It is most extraordinary that no provision is made by the provincial government for collecting some account of the grain and other farming produce exported from the province, in order that its capabilities and progress might be made public and known to the world. At present, except in some locality where the produce shipped is liable to harbour dues, there is no possibility of arriving at a knowledge of the exports except from the shipping merchants. A statement has lately been published by the House of Assembly of certain returns made to it, which contains very little real information on the subject; thirteen pages, or about half the pamphlet being taken up with imports at the little port of St. Johns. In this return the exports of wheat and flour from Montreal and Quebec in 1844 are stated at -- Flour, 415,467 barrels; and wheat, 282,183 bushels. Now, as the quantity of flour and wheat that passed through the Welland Canal, the Desjardins Canal, with that shipped from Hamilton, alone amounted to -- of the former, 448,958 barrels; and of the latter, 2,141,022 bushels; it is manifest that this amount must be incorrect; or what becomes of the immense quantity of both wheat and flour shipped from the various ports along the coast of Lake Ontario, including Wellington Square, Oakville, Port Credit, the Humber, Toronto, Windsor Bay, Oshawa, Bond Head, Brighton, Port Hope, Cobourg, Colborne, Trent, Belleville, the Prince Edward District, and the Johnstown District? unless the whole of this large quantity is required for the consumption of the inhabitants of Lower Canada, which will hardly be pretended. Large quantities of barrelled beef and pork, butter, peas, pot and pearl ashes, furs, wool, lumber and staves are exported; the aggregate value of which, if its amount could be ascertained, must be enormous.

In consequence of the suicidal policy of many of the importing merchants in Montreal, and the forwarders, the former in demanding too large profits, and the latter in making enormous charges for freight, the imports of many heavy articles from Great Britain are falling off, particularly of heavy groceries, such as tea, coffee, sugar, spices, &c.; the western merchants finding that they can go to New York and make their purchases (even paying the additional duties upon the articles on account of their being foreign goods), at a greater advantage than they can buy them in Montreal. This has been particularly the case since the diminution of the duty upon tea imported from the United States; thus, in 1842 the quantity of tea imported into Quebec and Montreal amounted to 1,380,940 lbs., and in 1845 it had fallen off to 770,615 lbs. In 1844 the number of vessels employed on the lakes and rivers above Quebec amounted to 86 steamboats, whose aggregate tonnage amounted to 12,808 tons; and 794 sailing vessels, barges, &c the tonnage of which was 72,842 tons; and the Property insured by the St. Lawrence Inland Marine Assurance Company for the season amounted to £445,176 0 5; the premium on which amounted to £4,857 11 2. The amount of losses during the year paid by the Company (was) £3,293 7 1; Additional losses not yet settled, but estimated at £1,450 0 0.

For many years the agriculture of the province generally was at a very low standard; but within the last few years it has begun to make great advancements, and is beginning to keep pace with the improvements introduced into England and Scotland. The emigration into the country of scientific agriculturists, with the establishment of agricultural societies, have been mainly instrumental in producing this great change; stock of a different and better description has been imported, and much land that was previously considered by the old proprietors worn out, has been improved and brought back, by means of judicious treatment, to its old capabilities.

In order to give an impetus to the progress of improvement in agriculture and for the encouragement of agricultural societies in Upper Canada, an act was passed, which provides --

" That when any agricultural society, for the purpose of importing any valuable stock, or whatever else might conduce to the improvement of agriculture, shall be constituted in any district in Upper Canada, and shall make it appear, by certificate under the hand of the treasurer of such district society, that the sum of not less than £25 has been actually subscribed and paid to the said treasurer by the several agricultural societies of such district, the president of the said society shall make application, enclosing the said certificate to the governor, lieutenant-governor, or person administering the government in this province, for and in support of the said society, it shall and may be lawful for the governor, lieutenant-governor, or person administering the government in this province, to issue his warrant to the receiver general in favour of the treasurer of the said society for treble the amount that shall have been paid or subscribed in such district as aforesaid: Provided always, that the annual sum to be granted to each district shall not exceed the sum of £250 currency.

" That in the event of there being county, riding, or township agricultural societies established, there shall not be more than one county or district society in each county or riding of any district within this province, and a proportion of the district bounty shall and may be granted to each county, riding or township agricultural society, and paid to them by the district society in proportion to the money that each county, riding or township agricultural society shall have subscribed: Provided nevertheless, that the whole sum granted to the district and county societies together shall not exceed the sum of £250 in each year; that, in the event of more than 50 being subscribed by the several societies in any district, the said grant of £250 shall be divided to each society in due proportion according to the amount of their subscriptions respectively.

" That each agricultural society shall and may elect such officers and make such by-laws for their guidance as to them shall seem best for promoting the interests of agriculture, according to the true intent and meaning of this act.

" That the treasurer's account of the receipts and expenditure of the preceding year shall, after the first year, always accompany the application for grants in aid of the said agricultural societies.

" That if the treasurer of any township society shall on or before the first day of July in each and every year, pay any sum of money into the hands of the treasurer of the district or county societies, he shall be entitled to receive the same again so soon as the legislative grant shall have been received, with a portion of the legislative grant equal to the amount so paid, or in proportion to what shall fall to their share upon an equal division being made, in proportion to the sums paid by the several societies in the district or county.

" That the secretary of each society shall annually transmit to the three branches of the Legislature, within fifteen days after the opening of each session of the provincial parliament, a report of its proceedings, showing the amount of the subscriptions received in the course of the year, and the amount received out of the public chest, the expenses of the society, the names of the persons to whom it shall have granted premiums, the objects for which such premiums were obtained, and all such other observations and information as he shall deem likely to tend to the improvement of agriculture."

Every district now has its agricultural society, and premiums are given for the best articles of live or dead stock exhibited at the annual show; and at some of these agricultural meetings stock is occasionally exhibited which would be no disgrace to the great cattle show at Smithfield. In many districts there are also branch societies in connection with the district society.

With respect to the provision made for public education, from a return made by the Hon. Mr. Macaulay, of the 10th of August, 1841, for the general board of education, it appears that the total quantity of land originally set apart for school purposes was 546,8616½ (acres), of which were appropriated: For the King's College: 225,994; For Upper Canada College: 66,000; (For a total of) 291,944; Leaving reserved for Grammar Schools, 254,917½. Sold under the management of the General Board of Education, up to 31st December, 1840: 52,930½; Sold by Col. Talbot under his former instructions, from Jan. 1st, 1841, to Dec. 31st, 1843: 1,932; (For a total of) 54,862½. Amount of Grammar School lands remaining disposable on January 1st, 1845: 200,055 (acres).

For the purposes of education a district or grammar school is established in each district town, the master of which receives an annual grant of £100 from the government. In addition to which each township is divided into school districts, the number varying according to the size of the township and the amount of the population. Each school district has a school house erected in it, and the schoolmaster receives from the district (in addition to what he is paid by the pupils) a certain sum per quarter in proportion to the number of his scholars. The schools in each district are under the general superintendence of a district superintendent. For the support of these schools a small tax is levied upon the inhabitants.

The following is the amount paid towards the support of common schools in Upper Canada, for the year 1844:

Brock District............................ £  706  1 10
Bathurst do..............................     907  9  0
Colborne do..............................     564 10  8
Dalhousie do.............................     628 11  8
Eastern do...............................   1,287  4  1
Gore do..................................   1,811 15  7
Home do..................................   2,952  9  3
Huron do.................................     257  3  8
Johnstown do.............................   1,302 15  9
London do................................   1,325  6  4
Midland do...............................   1,373 18  6
Newcastle do.............................   1,217  6 11
Niagara do...............................   1,459  1  9
Ottawa do. ..............................     326  6  8
Prince Edward do.........................     601 10  4
Simcoe do................................     561 11  2
Talbot do................................     485 14 11
Victoria do..............................     587  4  1
Wellington do............................     612 19 11
Western do...............................   1,030 17  4
     Total............................... £19,999 19  5

It is most extraordinary, so long as Canada has been settled, that its great natural advantages should still be so little known; that so many persons who are either compelled by necessity to emigrate, or who do so from choice, should continue to pass it by and go on to the west of the United States, or otherwise emigrate to the more distant colonies of the Cape, New South Wales, or New Zealand; and yet such is the case. Much of the emigration to the United States, however, is caused by the writings of English authors. Every now and then a traveller starts for the United States with a pocket full of money, travels over them at that season of the year when the appearance of the country is most captivating, becomes enchanted with the beauty of its scenery, the length of the summer, the ease with which an existence may be obtained; and straightways returns home and writes a book on the subject, painting everything couleur de rose. "One fool makes many;" and many persons whose judgments are led astray by the fascinating descriptions of travellers, emigrate there; and it is not till too late, when the property they took with them has been all expended, and their constitutions ruined, that they find out their mistake; but unfortunately they discover it too late, for they are left without the means of removing. Each state in its turn has been an el dorado, a perfect paradise. Thirty years ago it was Ohio and Indiana, then Illinois, then Michigan and Missouri; within the last five or six years, Wisconsin and Iowa; and now the current is beginning to set in strongly towards Oregon and California.

Birkbeck's " Letters from Illinois," published about twenty-seven years ago, induced many families of respectability to emigrate to the valley of the Wabash, who have since bitterly cursed his folly and their own. Many of them took out large sums of money, which they invested in land, or deposited in United States' banks; and many of them have of course lost their all; and Birkbeck's own family are scattered to the four winds of heaven. Birkbeck himself, according to his own account, used to keep his carriage in England. He took out with him to Illinois £5000 or £6000; and one of his sons, previous to his death, was actually earning a livelihood by working in a brick-field. Stewart again, some years since, followed the example of Birkbeck, and wrote very flattering accounts of the south-west, and with the same results; but he himself was not simple enough to remain there.

In what respects will the advocates of emigration to the United States pretend to say that any portion of that country is superior to Canada. Is it in the climate? A tree may be judged of by its fruits, and very many of the native Canadians, in point of robust appearance and complexion, might be taken for English emigrants. Will any one venture to make the same assertion respecting a native of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, or Missouri? And of what avail is it that the climate will grow cotton and tobacco, if the settler neither has the strength to cultivate them, nor a market in which to dispose of them, when grown? In the winter and spring of 1841-2, pork (a staple article of the State,) was selling in Illinois, at from a dollar to a dollar and a half per 100 lbs.; and at that price it was almost impossible to obtain cash for it; wheat at a quarter dollar, and indian corn from five to ten cents per bushel; butter, fifteen and sixteen pounds for a dollar; fowls, half a dollar per dozen; and other farming produce in proportion. At such prices farming could not be very profitable. A man certainly might live cheaply, and cram himself with bacon and corn bread till he brought on bilious fever; but he could make nothing of what he raised. And a farmer having a fat ox, has even been known after killing it, to take from it the hide and tallow, and drag the carcass into the woods to be devoured by the wolves; finding from the small price the beef would fetch, that it was more profitable to do so than to sell the whole animal !

Is it from the nature of the government, that the States are so much more desirable as a place of residence -- where the only law is mob law, and the bowie knife is the constant companion of the citizens, and is used even in the halls of legislature themselves? Or is New Zealand much to he preferred, where the settler in taking his morning ramble, to acquire an appetite for his breakfast, frequently receives a "settler" himself, and instead of returning to his morning's meal, is roasted for the breakfast of some native chief, and his interesting family. Canada, on the contrary, suffers under none of these disadvantages and annoyances. The government and constitution of the country are English; the laws are English; the climate is fine and healthy; the Indians are tolerably civilized, none of them at any rate are cannibals, and few of them are even thieves; and bowie knives are not "the fashion." The settler, unless he has been guilty of the folly of planting himself down beyond the bounds of civilization and of roads, may always command a fair price and cash for whatever he can raise -- he need never be beyond the reach of medical attendance, churches, and schools -- he can obtain as much land as he need wish to purchase, at a fair and moderate rate -- he knows that whatever property he acquires is as secure as if he had it. in England -- his landed property, if he possesses any, is gradually increasing in value -- and if he is only moderately careful and industrious, he need have no anxiety for the future -- his sons, growing up in and with the country, and as they grow, acquiring a knowledge of the country and its customs, and the various modes of doing business in it, if steady, will have no difficulty in succeeding in any business they may select, or may be qualified for.

Much has been written on the subject of emigration, and many speculations entered into as to who are the proper persons to emigrate? The only answer that can be given to this question is -- those who are obliged to do so. Let no person who is doing well at home, no matter what may be his profession or occupation, emigrate with the expectation of doing better, let him not leave his home and travel over the world, in search of advantages which he may not find elsewhere. But those who are not doing well, who find it difficult to struggle against increasing competition, who fear the loss in business of what little property they possess, or who find it difficult with an increasing family to keep up appearances as they have been accustomed to do, and find it necessary to make a change -- all these may safely emigrate, with a fair prospect of improving their condition. Persons of small, independent incomes may live cheaply in Canada, particularly in the country, and enjoy many comforts, and even luxuries, that were not within their reach at home. Retired military men do not generally make good settlers. They usually, when they leave the army, sell out, instead of retiring on half pay; and when they emigrate they are apt to squander their property in purchasing land and in building, till at length they come to a stand for want of the means to proceed, frequently with their buildings half-finished, from being planned on too large a scale; although, if they had been asked in the commencement how they intended to live when the ready money was expended, they would have been unable to give an intelligible answer. If they succeed in getting some government office, the emoluments of which are sufficient for their support, they will manage to get along very well; otherwise they will sink gradually lower and lower, and their children are apt to get into idle and dissipated habits. The idle and inactive life to which they have been accustomed while in the army, particularly during these "piping times of peace," totally incapacitates them for making good settlers in the backwoods. A lounger, unless independent, has no business in Canada. Naval officers, on the contrary, make setters of a very different character. They have been accustomed, when on service, to a life of activity; and if they have been long on service, they have generally seen a great deal of the world -- they have their half-pay to fall back on, which fortunately for them they cannot sell -- and they generally make very excellent settlers. Lawyers are not wanted: Canada swarms with them; and they multiply in the province so fast, that the demand is not by any means equal to the supply. Medical men may find many openings in the country, where they will have no difficulty in making a tolerable living; but they will have to work hard for it, having frequently to ride fifteen, twenty-five, or even thirty miles to see a patient! And in the towns, the competition is as great as in England.

Weavers are generally supposed to be, from the nature of their previous occupation, unfitted to turn farmers in the backwoods. This is entirely a mistake. Although they may not for some time make good choppers, as no old-countryman does at first (and some never acquire the art), still they are very capable, as soon as they have got a little insight into the proper mode of managing and working a farm, of taking and cultivating cleared or partially cleared, farms -- which may always be obtained to rent, or farm on shares. A good proof of this occurred a short time since in the Western District, where two young men, (weavers from Paisley), took a farm on shares, on the River Thames; and before it had been in their occupation a year and a half, it was cleaner and in better condition than any farm within miles of them.

Mechanics of all kinds can always find employment at good pay; and at present, building is going on extensively -- much of it in the towns of stone; and stone-cutters, particularly those capable of executing ornamental work, such as cornices, figures, heads, &c are much in demand.

There are many kinds of establishments much wanted in the province, and large sums of money are annually sent to the States for work that might as well be executed in Canada. For instance, one or two engraving establishments, capable of executing maps of the largest class, are much wanted in Toronto. Within the last year, several large works have been sent from the province, through the impossibility of getting them executed in it. Amongst these are Bouchette's large Map of Canada, seven feet by four; Rankin's large Map of the Niagara, Gore, and Wellington Districts; Billiard & Parrs' Map of the Western District; and I was compelled to lithograph the map for the Gazetteer, on account of the absolute impossibility of meeting with an engraver capable of executing the work, within reach. This is a branch of the arts much wanted in Canada. Maps are in great demand, and are difficult to procure, in consequence of the trouble of getting the plates engraved; it being necessary at present, with all large works, to get the plates engraved at New York, and also to get the impressions struck off there; which, from the distance, is both a great expense and inconvenience. But an establishment of this kind in Toronto should be capable, not only of engraving, but should also have every convenience for, and workmen capable of printing maps of the largest class; and should also bring out with them printing presses, copper, and every other article necessary for the art, as these things are not to be procured here. One or two extensive lithographic establishments are also much wanted. An establishment for printing in colours, embossed cards, &c in the manner introduced in England within the last few years, for placards and showbills, would also succeed very well. With many other branches of the arts, of which it is impossible to give a catalogue.

Many persons emigrating lay out what spare cash they can collect together in any articles that they imagine will prove a good speculation in the country to which they are journeying, fancying that they are coming into the backwoods, where goods are scarcely procurable, and that any articles they can bring out, will command a large profit. They are not aware that business of every kind is carried on extensively in Canada, and that most articles are to be bought as cheap there as in England, with merely the addition of the expense of carriage; and as on many articles the duty is considerably lower in Canada than in England, they are to be purchased at a less price. One wholesale house alone, is understood to have imported goods during the season of 1844, to the amount of £120,000. Other parties, supposing that furniture must necessarily be expensive in a new country, bring out all the old lumber they can lay their hands on. Some even carry their folly to the extreme of carrying out with them their heavy kitchen tables and dressers, long school-room desks, &c.(do they fancy timber is scarce in Canada?) and find, to their astonishment and vexation when they arrive at Toronto, or wherever may be their place of destination, that it would have cost them far less to purchase the articles where they intended to settle, than the mere expense of transport; and that it would have been much more to their advantage to have made a bonfire of their goods and chattels than to have brought them across the Atlantic. Common furniture of all kinds is remarkably cheap; and that of a superior kind is considerably lower in price than the same quality in England.

Emigrants coming out to Canada, usually commit some very great mistakes; these are, loitering about the large towns, purchasing land before they know its value, buying more land than they are able to cultivate properly, and entering into speculations they know nothing whatever about. We will take these in order as they stand; In the first place, an emigrant, coming out with perhaps a large family and small means, wishes to purchase land with the intention of farming, and of course wants it as cheap as he can procure it, at the same time it is an object with him to spend as little in looking for it as possible. He does not consider that by staying in a large town he defeats these objects, as his expenses in a large town are considerably higher than they would be in the country, and he is apt to be led insensibly into extravagances, which in the country he would avoid. In a large town he cannot stay in a first-rate tavern for less than from a dollar to a dollar and a half per day, while in the country he may board in a house equally respectable, with accommodation in every respect equal, and a good table, for from two and a half to three dollars per week; again, in a town he has not the opportunities of hearing of land to be purchased cheap; and land in the neighbourhood of large towns is always rated higher, than land of the same, or perhaps better quality, situated a few miles distant. No emigrant, unless he has plenty of money to spare, should stay a single day upon the road till he arrives at Toronto, unless he has previously made up his mind to settle in the Victoria, Newcastle or Colborne districts, (or has friends residing east of Toronto whom he wishes to visit), in which case he should make his way as quickly as possible to Belleville, Cobourg, Port Hope, or Peterborough. If he wishes to settle in the neighbourhood of Toronto, he should take up his quarters in a respectable tavern on Yonge Street, or Dundas Street, where by remaining quiet and looking about him, he will soon hear of something likely to suit him, and he may visit Lloydtown in the township of King, Markham in Markham, Newmarket in Whitchurch, or any other of the villages in the neighbourhood. Should he prefer going further northward, and feel inclined to take the pure bracing atmosphere of the Simcoe District as a compensation for its more lengthy winter, he may proceed to the Holland Landing, and from thence make his way either by the road, or across Lake Simcoe to Barrie or Orillia. If he wishes to go westward and settle in the Gore, Niagara, or Wellington districts, let him take his passage either to Hamilton or Niagara. From the former place he may make easy journeys to Dundas, Brantford, Galt, Paris, and Caledonia, (all of which except the first are on the Grand River,) in the Gore District, and he may also visit the villages on the river below Caledonia; and to Guelph, Preston, Elora, and Fergus in the Wellington District; in all of which neighbourhoods he will be likely to hear of land to suit him. If he feels a desire to see the Niagara District, he may proceed direct to Niagara or Queenston, by steamboat from Toronto, or when at Hamilton he may visit the villages along the road from Hamilton to Niagara, and also along the Niagara River and the Welland Canal. Should he prefer the Talbot or Brock Districts he may proceed by stage from Hamilton to Caledonia, and from thence to Port Dover on Lake Erie, from whence he may visit Simcoe, Vittoria, and other villages in the neighbourhood. Should he find nothing to suit him there, he may retrace his steps to Hamilton or Brantford, and look over the Brock District, to do which he should make his head quarters at Woodstock, Beachville, or Ingersoll. Should he however, at starting, intend to proceed farther west. and settle either in the London or Western districts, he should not waste his time and means in wandering over that portion of the country where he has no intention of fixing himself, but proceed at once to London or Chatham. From London he may visit Delaware, St. Thomas, Port Stanley, Kilworth. Westminster, Wardsville, the settlements on the road to Chatham, on that to Port Sarnia. and on that to Goderich; in all of which localities he will have no difficulty in meeting with excellent land, either wild or partly cleared, at a moderate price. From Chatham he may extend his inquiries to the settlements on the banks of the Thames, he may look along Bear Creek, the townships bordering on Lake Erie, the River St. Clair, and the southern portion of Lake Huron; in every township of which he may purchase land of the finest quality, at a very low rate. To look over the latter portion of the district he should fix his quarters at Port Sarnia.

In the second place, no emigrant should purchase land till he has been sufficiently long in the country to know its value. A person purchasing land immediately on his arrival is certain to pay at least one-third more for it than he would after he has been in the country for some time. If he has capital, and can afford to remain idle for six months, let him establish himself at some respectable tavern in a village in that part of the country he thinks he would prefer residing in; he will there have an opportunity of looking about him, and. seeing the quality of the land in the neighbourhood, and learning its relative value. By mixing among the farmers, he will get an insight into the mode of farming in the province, the cheapest method of clearing land, and the value of labour; all very essential things for him to know. And he will find after a time, when he has acquired all this knowledge, that the money he has expended has been well laid out, as in the subsequent purchase of his farm he will save considerably more than he has spent in looking about him. If he understands farming, but has no capital, or not sufficient to enable him to live for a time without employment, let him either rent a farm for a year (which he may readily do for a dollar per acre for the cleared portion of the land), or he will have no difficulty in obtaining a cleared farm to work on shares; that is, the owner of the land will find the whole or a portion of the stock and seed, and, by way of rent, take a share of the produce. In this case he can lose very little or nothing; he may live off the farm; and in a year or two he is certain to hear of some farm in his immediate vicinity which may either be purchased at a bargain (perhaps for half what it would have cost him had he purchased immediately on his arrival), or obtained on lease at a low rent. If he has no capital, or knows nothing of farming, let him engage himself to some farmer for a time, where he may learn everything connected with the business, and be paid something for his services besides. After staying on a farm for a year or two, and becoming capable of managing one himself, he will have no difficulty in procuring one to rent or farm on shares; and in course of time, if he is careful and industrious, he will be enabled to purchase one for himself. He will have acquired his knowledge and experience of the subject without any expense to himself, and will be the better able to take advantage of what he has learned.

In the third place, a farmer, who in England would consider that to farm well and profitably he ought to have a capital to start with of at least £4 or £5 for each acre of land he intended to cultivate, will emigrate with the remnant of his property, amounting to perhaps £400 or £500, or .£600. This would enable him to take a farm in Canada, stock it well, and farm it well; to live comfortably, pay the rent, keep his produce till the state of the markets enabled him to sell it at a profit, and in the course of five or six years to save sufficient to purchase a good cleared farm, free from all incumbrances. But this will not suit him, the man who has been accustomed all his life to rent land, the moment he places his foot on American soil, becomes possessed with the mania for purchasing land; nothing will do but he must have a farm of his own -- he must become a landed proprietor. The consequence is, that finding land easily acquired, he purchases a farm worth three, or four, or five times the amount of the whole of his capital; pays an instalment on it, and then has not sufficient cash left to stock his farm properly. He is consequently compelled to purchase live stock of an inferior quality, and insufficient in number -- he is unable to employ labour on his farm, when it would be profitable for him to do so -- he is obliged to go into debt to the stores, and consequently must part with his grain the moment it is off the ground, in order to satisfy the demands of his creditors, and must take whatever he can get for it, -- and he has to struggle hard for years to provide the instalments on his land as they fall due. This is perfect folly, and he might have saved himself the toil and anxiety of all these years, and been in possession of a good farm much sooner, had he only been satisfied in the first instance to rent, instead of purchasing. No person should purchase more land than he is able to pay for; and, above all things, he should avoid purchasing land on long credits. Many persons again, with small capital, who know nothing whatever of farming or clearing land, immediately on their arrival, purchase a lot of wild land, looking merely at the cheap rate at which it is to be bought, without any consideration of what it is likely to cost them before the stumps are out. These generally find in the end that it would have been much better for them had they purchased land partially cleared. But it is exceedingly difficult to convince a newly arrived emigrant of this fact.

And so it proves. Many of them are not willing to profit by the experience of other people, but require to pay dearly for the lesson. A few acres well cultivated are more profitable, even in Canada, than a larger quantity half or badly cultivated.

The fourth and last, although not the least important part of our subject, relates to those persons who come out with a certain amount of capital which they wish to invest profitably in business. These immediately commence speculating in something which they do not understand -- perhaps purchase some concern which the owner has found to be unprofitable, and is therefore glad to part with; and in a short time they are obliged in their turn to sell out, after having incurred a heavy loss. Emigrants may rest assured that those who have been in the country a few years, know much better what speculations will answer, than those who have been out only a few weeks, or at most months; and are not likely to part with any really profitable concern without receiving its full value for it; and a business that may afford a very good return to one accustomed to the mode of doing business in the province, may turn out to be a very losing concern in the hands of a stranger. In general, emigrants with capital who, have growing up sons, will find it far better to invest their capital in good securities, and live upon the interest, while they place their sons in some good houses of business; and in the course of a few years, when these sons have acquired a knowledge of the commercial affairs of the province, they will be enabled to realize handsome profits on the capital, which, if their fathers had speculated with, they would most assuredly, have lost.

With respect to those portions of the province in which it is desirable for the emigrant to purchase land, much will depend upon various circumstances; as, if he is either English, Irish, or Scotch, he will most likely prefer settling among his own countrymen. Something also will depend upon the amount of capital he has to invest. There is one point however, of great importance, that I should wish strongly to impress upon the newly-arrived emigrant in particular, (because no other is likely to fall into the mistake), and that is, let him on no account whatever, no matter what the price, or the apparent advantages held out to him may be, be induced to purchase land at a distance from good roads and a good market; as nothing tends so much to keep back the settler, and frequently to dishearten him, and prevent his getting on as fast as he otherwise would do, as that feeling of loneliness that frequently oppresses him, when he finds himself alone in the woods, and no neighbours within convenient reach. He is apt in such a case to be away from home more than is profitable, either for himself or his farm. And there is no occasion for this, as in no district of the province need a man buy land at a greater distance than a mile from a cleared farm. By making proper inquiries the emigrant is always sure to hear of some one willing to sell within easy distance of a good market; and he may take this as a general rule, that one hundred acres within seven miles of a place where he can sell his produce at a fair price, and obtain cash for it, is worth more than four times the quantity, at twice or three times the distance; and at the end of ten or twelve years, he will generally find that the 100 acres has increased in value more than the 400. People in general have a great penchant for purchasing land either on a road or a river; and the difference in price on that account, is consequently very great; although frequently the land in the back lots will be of better quality than that in front. To such an extreme is this carried, that land facing on a road will frequently be valued at twelve or fifteen dollars per acre, while that in the next concession (little more than a mile) back, may be purchased at from 1½ to 3 dollars. Land in Canada is valued, not according to its quality, but entirely according to its locality and other circumstances. Thus, if a few wealthy settlers fix themselves in any particular locality, and make considerable improvements, the neighbourhood becomes aristocratic, and land in the vicinity rises in value accordingly. Thus, farms in the neighbourhood of Woodstock have been sold at from $30 to $50 per acre; while farms equal in quality of soil, and superior as regards facility of getting to markets, may be purchased in the London and Western Districts for less than half the sum.

All lands in the possession of the Crown, with very few exceptions, are sold at 8s. currency per acre, which may be paid for either in cash or scrip. This scrip is usually to be purchased (and the emigrant, if a stranger, may ascertain where it is to be met with by inquiring of some respectable merchant or storekeeper) at a discount of twenty, twenty-five and sometimes thirty per cent. If he gets it at a reduction of twenty-five per cent., his land (supposing he purchases Crown lands) will only cost him 6s. c'y per acre, which is 3d. per acre less than the government price of land in the United States. The reader should particularly notice this fact, as great stress is laid by writers on the United States, upon the low price at which land is to be bought of the government there, while the Crown lands in Canada are really to be bought at a less price; and there are about 2,300,000 acres in Upper Canada alone, already surveyed to be disposed of at this price, exclusive of the clergy reserves. An agent appointed for the sale of these lands in each district, whose name will be found under the head of the district, and the quantity of land for sale in each township will be found under the head of the township.

For the guidance of emigrants, it may be as well, to state the average value of land in each of the districts which they will he most likely to settle in -- premising that these are the prices at which the land is to be purchased of private individuals, and that frequently a farm may be obtained at a considerably lower rate. In the Victoria District land near the front may generally be purchased at from four to ten dollars per acre for wild land, and for cultivated farms (including buildings) from twenty to thirty-five dollars per acre; and in the back townships at from one to four dollars for wild land, and from eight to twenty for cultivated. In the Newcastle District, in the first range of townships, wild land will be worth from five to ten dollars, and cultivated from twenty to thirty; and in the back townships, from two to five dollars for wild land, and from twelve to twenty-five for cultivated -- some few farms in the neighbourhood of Port Hope and Cobourg, may be valued as high as forty or fifty dollars. In the Colborne District wild land in the neighbourhood of Peterborough will be worth from five to fifteen dollars, and cultivated from ten to thirty, according to situation and distance from the town; and wild land at a distance may be obtained at from one to three dollars. In the townships of Whitby, Pickering, Scarborough, Markham, Whitchurch, York, Vaughan, the front of King, Toronto and Chinguacousy, cleared farms will range from twenty to fifty dollars per acre, according to situation, &c., and wild land at from ten to twelve -- with the exception of the townships of York, Toronto and Scarborough, where the wild land is valuable for the wood, on account of their vicinity to the City of Toronto. In the northern townships of the district wild land may be bought at from one to four dollars, and cleared at from ten to fifteen dollars; and the same prices will apply to the Simcoe District. In the Gore District, with the exception of the north of the townships of Nassagaweya and Esquesing, land will be generally rather high; wild land will range from six to fifteen dollars, and cleared farms from twenty-five to fifty dollars. In the Wellington District cleared farms in the townships of Guelph, Waterloo and Puslinch, will be worth from fifteen to forty dollars, and wild land from five to fifteen; and in the northern townships they will vary, according to their remoteness, from one to four dollars for wild, and from ten to twenty-five for cultivated. In the Niagara District wild land will vary from three to ten, and. cultivated farms from ten to forty dollars per acre. In the Talbot District from two to six dollars for wild, and from eight to twenty-five for cleared land. In the Brock District, from four to eight dollars for wild land, and from twenty to fifty for cultivated. In the Huron District prices vary according to locality, with the exception of the two government townships (Ashfield and Wawanosh), where all the land (wild) is rated at 8s. currency. In the London District, in the neighbourhood of London, Delaware and Westminster, and along the road to Port Stanley, wild land will be worth from five to eight dollars, and cultivated from twenty to forty; in the more remote townships the price will be about half. Along the road from London to Chatham, and on the banks of the Thames, wild land may be purchased at from two to six dollars, and cleared farms at from ten to fifteen; and at one or two concessions back they are to be bought for half. In the back townships between the Thames and Lake Erie, and also in those on Bear Creek, land of fine quality may be purchased at from one to three dollars per acre. On the River St. Clair there is but little wild land, at least, close to the river, and that is worth ten dollars per acre, the wood being in demand for the steamboats. In the townships of Plympton and Warwick, wild land of the best quality is to be bought at from two to three dollars per acre.

By cleared farms is generally understood those which have from seventy to eighty acres cleared out of a hundred, and it is for such farms that these prices are calculated; and of course the price will always vary according to the quantity of land cleared and under cultivation and the value of the buildings. At the same time it must be borne in mind, that in every district there may be some farms in particular situations that would be held considerably higher.

All emigrants in want of information or employment on their arrival at Kingston, are directed to apply at the office of Mr. A. B. Hawke, chief emigrant agent for Canada West. The government agents whose names are hereunto annexed will also direct emigrants in want of work to places where they may find it; as well as furnish information as to the routes, distances, and rates of conveyance to those parts of the province to which settlers may be desirous of proceeding.

Emigrant Agents. -- G R. Burke, Bytown; W. J. McKay, Cobourg and Port Hope; E. McElderry, Toronto; J. H. Palmer, Hamilton; A. B. Hawke, junior, Port Stanley.

All indigent emigrants requiring medical assistance may obtain it gratis, on application to Dr. E. V. Cortlandt, Bytown; Dr. T. W. Robison, Kingston; General Hospital, Toronto; or Dr. W. G. Dickinson, Hamilton.

In order to guard against all misapprehension as to the assistance which the emigrant agents are authorised to grant, emigrants are distinctly informed, that the claims of the destitute who land in Canada during the current season only will be admitted, and that no able-bodied person, unless burthened with a helpless family, will be entitled to assistance in any form.

The following is a statement of the number of emigrants who arrived at Quebec, from the year 1840 to 1845, both inclusive: